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Downhill Ski Race G Force
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Downhill ski racing is one of the most demanding sports in the world, both physically and mentally. Blink of an eye is a short film documenting Aksel as one of the few athletes who combines an extraordinary level of focus with brutal physical strength to perform among the international elite. In a downhill ski race, surprisingly, little advantage is gained by getting a running start. (This is because the initial kinetic energy is small compared with the gain in gravitational potential energy on even small hills.) To demonstrate this, find the final speed and the time taken for a skier who skies 70.0 m along a $30^circ$ slope. Alpine ski racing is known to be a sport with a high risk of sustaining severe injuries. 1 2 Injury rates for World Cup (WC) athletes were found to differ among the competition disciplines, particularly when calculated as injuries per 1000 runs: they increased from slalom to giant slalom, super-G and downhill (DH) with the knee as the most frequently injured body part.

Skiing is a sport enjoyed by millions of people around the world. The adrenaline rush that skiers get from flying down the slopes is unmatched, but all too often the cause for this rush is overlooked. Physics plays a crucial role in skiing and without it, there would definitely be no skiing. The concept of skiing is simple. You attach a ski to each foot, go to the top of a hill or incline, and slide down, turning side to side. From this basic concept of sliding down an inclined plane, a worldwide sport has evolved. In this paper, I hope you gain a useful knowledge of the vitally important role that physics plays in the sport of downhill skiing.
m = mass of skier
g = gravitational force
a = acceleration
mu = kinetic friction coefficient
· Inertial Forces = (m)(a)
· Frictional Force = (mu)(m)(g)(cos theta)
· Graviational Force = (m)(g)(sin theta)
Gravity is the force that holds the skier to the ground and is also what pulls the skier down the hill. While gravity is acting straight down on the skier, a normal force is exerted on the skier that opposes gravity. As the skier skis down the hill, he or she will encounter an acceleration. This acceleration is due to gravity caused by a change in the skiers velocity. The mass of a skier is different for every person and is easily calculated by multiplying a skiers weight in kilograms by the gravitational force exerted by the earth. These forces and more are explained throughout the rest of this paper.
Gravity is a force that everybody is familiar with and is one of the simplest to understand. We all know that if you were to throw a ball in the air it would fall right back down. This force called gravity exerts a constant acceleration of 9.81 m/sec2 towards the center of the earth. Gravity is what pulls you down the hill. While gravity is being exerted downward, a normal force is being exerted on the skier opposing gravity. This normal force acts perpendicular to the earth's surface, and in this case the mountain on which the skier is skiing. Lets say for instance the skier was on a flat surface, both gravity and the normal force would be acting on the skier but in opposite directions, thereby canceling each other out and resulting in no movement. However when a skier is on the mountain, the combination of gravity and the perpendicular normal force result in the skier being pulled down the mountain at the same angle as the mountain’s slope.

OVERVIEW

Alpine skiing is a complex sport that requires high levels of technical skill and physical fitness to counteract the internal and external forces placed on the body during a run. Development of a high level of overall physical fitness and athleticism is critical to becoming competitive at the international level

Skiers need to be active year-round through participation in complementary sports to develop the standard of athleticism and physical fitness required to be successful in ski racing.

The physical demands of ski racing require aerobic endurance, stamina, strength, power, agility, balance and coordination. These physical skills should be developed starting at a young age and progress through to the lifelong enjoyment of skiing and sports.

A physically fit skier may be able to better tolerate the physical demands of skiing without failure or injury. All physical skills can and should be developed throughout a skier's career beginning with mastering the fundamental movement skills at the Gliding Start stage.

KEY FITNESS COMPONENTS

Ski racing consists of several disciplines which vary in duration, the number of changes in direction, type of terrain, type of snow surface, jumps and course sets.

At each stage of development, physical fitness is paramount. By the time ski racers enter into the Train to Race and Race to Win stages, they must have a high level of physical fitness to tolerate the 130 - 150 days of training and competition required to become the best.

The length of a single run as described by Gilgien, M. et al., 2018 helps to show some of the differences between the different disciplines:

Slalom races average 52 seconds with an average and maximal speed of 54 km/h.
Giant slalom races average 77 seconds and average/maximal speed of 65/85 km/h.
Super G races average 93 seconds with an average/maximal speed of 86/110 km/h.
Downhills average 121 seconds with average/maximal speeds of 94/150 km/h

Improvements in slope preparation, ski equipment, course design and the near-perfect execution of skiing skill required to be the best on race day need ski racers of all ages to be in top physical shape to withstand the ground reaction forces placed on the body during alpine, para-alpine and ski cross training and competition. Ground reaction force can vary between disciplines. In slalom, when the ski racer performs a short-arc turn, lasting about 0.8 of a second, there is a sharp increase in maximal ground reaction force reaching about four times their body weight. In giant slalom turns lasting about 1.4 seconds in length result in maximal ground reaction forces approximately 3.2 times the ski racers body weight (Gilgien, M et al., 2018). In Super G and downhill, the turns last about 2.3 seconds resulting in a smooth increase in ground reaction force peaking at 2.6 times body weight similar to the ground reaction force felt in downhill. In Super G, about 20% of the run is spent tucking without turn versus DH where approximately 45% of the time is spent tucking (Gilgien, M. et al., 2018).

All around training programs that enhance movement mechanics, improve functional abilities and increase muscle strength can be an effective strategy for the reduction of sport-related injuries in young ski racers (Lloyd et al., 2016). Participation in strength training throughout all stages of development not only strengthens the muscles and connective tissues it can make ski racer more capable of sustaining higher external forces, which can reduce the chances of soft-tissue injury (Lloyd et al., 2016).

Ski racers focus on training strength and core stability, power, aerobic and anaerobic endurance, agility, balance, coordination (motor skills) and mobility. The training plans for ski racers are adjusted to meet individual needs and requirements. For example, a speed specialist (DH/SG) will focus more on training endurance and strength versus a technical specialist (SL/GS) that focuses on the development of quickness and power (Gilgien, M. et al., 2018). Adjustments to training plans for injured or return to snow racers occurs in collaboration with a sports medicine professional.

Participating in complementary sports is an excellent supplement to the sport specific training completed on snow and in the gym.

Required physical fitness capacities for alpine skiing include:

Muscular strength (maximal strength, strength endurance, and stability).
Power
Energy Systems (aerobic and anaerobic capacity)
Balance
Coordination
Movement Competencies (mobility)

A brief description of how to best prepare ph

Downhill Ski Race G Force